PDF 1. Proficiency scale - eyewitness testimony LEADING QUESTIONS: A leading question is a question which, because of the way it is phrased, suggests a certain answer. The Alleged Ethical Violations of Elizabeth Loftus in the ... 26-35 year-olds were most accurate ( 77%) and the elderly (age 65+) group were the least accurate ( 56% ). 0. Start studying Loftus and Palmer (1974) Ethical issues. They aimed to show that the cues within leading questions could distort eyewitness testimony accounts. Cognition and Development - development of mental processes, especially thinking, reasoning and our understanding of the world. Chapter 2: Psychological Investigations the Four ... Their sample consisted of 45 American students, who were divided into five groups of nine. Loftus & Palmer - Distortion of witness memory Theory/ies on which the study is based: • Schema theory proposes that memory is influenced by what an individual already knows, and that their use of past experience to deal with a new experience is a fundamental feature of the way the human mind works. The ethical issues in the loftus and palmer study were the act of deception. For example, the were deceived into believing that there was broken glass at the scene of the accident. "Lost in a Shopping Mall" A Breach of Professional Ethics Lynn S. Crook ETHICS & BEHAVIOR, vol. • The study was conducted in a lab which is an artificial [6] (b) Discuss the ethical issues and social implications of Loftus and Palmer's (1974) research What are the ethical issues in Loftus and Palmers study? Deffenbacher (1983) reviewed 21 studies and found that the stress-performance relationship followed an inverted-U function proposed by the Yerkes Dodson Curve (1908). Loftus and Palmer (1974) pg 58 Johnson & Scott (1976) pg 60 Ch 3 Harlow (1958) pg 78 Ainsworth (1969) pg 84 Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) pg 86 Bowlby (1944) pg 88 Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Loftus and Palmer (1974) and other researchers cited above extended this theory by providing evidence that after a memory representation has been formed, false information can alter the representation. Another study that can be evaluated is Loftus and Palmer's 1974 research "Reconstruction of automobile destruction". This is because the findings that Loftus and Palmer found were that witness recall is unreliable due to so many different environmental influences. +4. This experiment is based on an experiment carried out by Loftus and Zanni. One of these women is Judith Loftus. There is no evidence to indicate that Loftus' students were informed of ethical guidelines regarding the use of children as research participants. Loftus and Palmer (1974) conducted a classic experiment to investigate the effect of leading questions on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. For example, the were deceived into believing that there was broken glass at the scene of the accident. 9, #1, pp. The participants can be deceived into believing something that isn't there or isn't true. The videos showed staged crashes, because the clips were educational videos and there are ethical issues with showing real crashes. (b) Most psychological research raises ethical issues for the participants involved or for society. . Loftus, E.F. & Palmer, J.C. (1974) Reconstruction of auto-mobile destruction: A example of the interaction between language and memory. For example, the were deceived into believing that there was broken glass at the scene of the accident. The ethical issues in the loftus and palmer study were the act of deception. Anxiety or stress is almost always associated with real life crimes of violence. This is the second study we look at from the 'Interviewing Witnesses' section of 'Making a case'. 127 Words 1 Page. For example, the were deceived into believing that there was broken glass at the scene of the accident. Quiz Summary. But watch out, the "car crash study" can cause major accidents if you're not careful. Ethical considerations include deception . Hence you can not start it again. Essay, Pages 6 (1338 words) Views. Although ethical issues are raised due to the participants being . Furthermore, Loftus and Palmer argued that answers given could be a result of memory . Furthermore, Loftus and Palmer argued that answers given could be a result of memory . Evaluate Loftus & Palmer (1974) -8 marks In Loftus and Palmers 1974 study, in both procedures participants (PPS) were shown short video clips of traffic accidents. outline two ethical issues from loftus and palmer research. Leading Questions (Loftus and Palmer, 1974) Anxiety / Stress. The study demonstrated such behaviours could be learnt through associations. October 3, 2012 by meganhulme. Stress - causes of stress, the impact of stress on the body and coping with stress. A highly controlled laboratory experiment, high design validity. Loftus (1979) [not to be confused with Loftus & Palmer (1974)] reported the findings of Johnson and Scott (1976) who conducted an experiment to see if anxiety affects the accuracy of eyewitness testimony and facial recognition. Discuss the ethical issues and social implications of Loftus and Palmer's (1974) research 'Reconstruction of automobile destruction: an example of the interaction between language and memory'. Reconstruction of automobile destruction: An example of the interaction between language and memory.Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior, 13(5), 585-589.. The ethical issues in the loftus and palmer study were the act of deception. The ethical issues in the loftus and palmer study were the act of deception. Start studying Loftus & Palmer -ethical issues and social implications. This is the classic cognitive psychology study which you will look at for your H167 AS OCR Psychology exam. Approach 4: The Cognitive Approach 3: Classic Evidence Classic Evidence: Loftus and The side effects of the research could have also caused the participants not to come . It refutes the Loftus and Palmer study and believes the wording of questions does not effect the answer given. Even when the eye-witness has been discredited juries are still convinced by the information. Method: 45 American students; Laboratory experiment; Five conditions of verbs, 'smashed' 'collided' 'bumped' 'hit' 'contacted' 7 films of car accidents and after watching each film were asked question Results: Last updated: 29/07/2020. So if you're doing Loftus and Palmer for the IA, read this post carefully. FINDING OUT THAT CERTAIN VERBS CAUSED DIFFERENT SPEED ESTIMATES REALLY INTERESTED THE RESEARCHERS, THEY THOUGHT THAT THE RESULTS COULD BE DUE TO TWO REASONS AND THEY WANTED TO KNOW WHICH REASON WAS THE RIGHT ONEEITHER THE PARTICIPANTS WERE UNSURE AND THE VERB GIVEN BIASED THEIR RESPONSE IN A CERTAIN . Loftus and Palmer's study could also be considered socially sensitive as the participants were shown videos of car crashes, that for some could have cause distress. This was clearly demonstrated in our experiment as well as original study conducted by Loftus and Palmer. a) A guard b) A prisoner c) A warden d) The chief superintendent The effect of language on memory is very relevant in eyewitness testimonies because it can lead to erroneous recalling of witnessed events. Loftus, E. F., & Palmer, J. C. (1974). Applied experiments are an area that demonstrates the challenges faced due to adhering to a code of ethics. Ignore responses about reliability or ethical issues. Journal of Verbal Le and Verbal Behaviour, 13, 585 -589 Retrieved October 24, 2010, from AS Psycl-holah.co.uk School Bus and Car Crash Head On Near Tucson Arizona [Motion picture]. Elizabeth Loftus in London, March 2013. Report 2 years ago. Huck Finn: Judith Loftus Essay Example. (a) Describe the conclusions made by Loftus and Palmer (1974) in their research 'Reconstruction of automobile destruction: an example of the interaction between language and memory'. Elizabeth Loftus. Loftus and Palmer (1974) conducted a classic experiment to investigate the effect of leading questions on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. All of the participants watched a video of a car crash and were then asked a specific question about the speed of the cars. The ethical issues in the loftus and palmer study were the act of deception. #2. Slight degree of deception but participants knew it was a test of memory. . Afterwards, the students were questioned about the film. Leading Questions (Loftus and Palmer, 1974) Anxiety / Stress. lacks ecological validity). By far it's the most popular study to conduct for the IB Psychology IA. Photo: Mo Costandi. Demand Characteristics and Ethical Issues. Ethical issues, e.g. AQA A Level Psychology Memory A Level Psychology - Eyewitness Accounts. Loftus and Palmer conducted many studies investigating ways in which memory can be distorted, many of which show that EWT is highly (20(September 23). For example, the University of Washington's HSC requires that prior assent must be obtained from all child participants, and a Committee-approved form is provided for this purpose (University of . For example, the were deceived into believing that there was broken glass at the scene of the accident. Nevertheless, this is so that ethical issues are not. The Yuille and Cutshall study illustrates two important points: 1. Reconstruction of automobile destruction: An example of the interaction between language and memory Methodology and procedures (Note: more detail can be found in the WJEC summary of this research.) Another issue with Loftus & Palmer's (1974) research is that they deceived their participants and therefore did not adhere to the code of ethics. 3) What was the speed estimate when the verb 'smashed' was used in Loftus and Palmer's 1974 study? Answer Mark On int/elaboration. Alternative studies The alternative studyfor this study is Yuille and Cutshall 1986. While the study was high in cost to the ppt, Little Albert, who was subjected to psychological harm, arguably the contributions . Loftus's studies and others like them have had an enormous influence in the American legal system (and in other countries, too, I'm sure) whereby if someone is identified by an eye-witness as the guilty person . Loftus et al., (1987) - Some Facts About "Weapon Focus", Journal of Law and Human Behaviour 11 (1), 55-62 . principles and concepts: psychologists Ethical costs firmly in past:check: Watson & Rayner (PRE-GUIDELINES) - Carried out research in 1920 into phobias and used classical conditioning to create Little Alberts phobia of white rats. In first interview, one pps said she couldn't remember the false event, so 6/24 = 25%. Deffenbacher (1983) reviewed 21 studies and found that the stress-performance relationship followed an inverted-U function proposed by the Yerkes Dodson Curve (1908). (Al-Kurdi, 1998; Notes from the controversy ethics complaints filed against prominent FMSF board member APA declines to investigate). 15 Assess the validity of research by Loftus and Palmer. issues such as the reliability of eyewitness testimonies. Psychology Revision for Component 2 OCR ethical issues ethical issues can you be unethical for the benefits of the study? LEADING QUESTIONS: A leading question is a question which, because of the way it is phrased, suggests a certain answer. I think I probably already answered this question on one of your other posts but just in case, The evaluations were on Biological approach, Loftus and Palmer and Biological therapy (not sure about the last one). 02_04 Gross_Guide_OCR_AS Art e 2.2 . Loftus & Palmer did not tell their participants the true aim of their research and therefore did not abide by the BPS Code of Ethics. Eyewitness Testimony Essay 745 Words | 3 Pages. In this experiment they showed participants . Finally, Loftus and Palmer (1974) experiments were considered to show that ecological validity can still be maintained under control conditions but this can affect how participants answer the question. The study does not have a negative impact on psychology. 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