85, no. These flow changes along with increased catecholamine secretions have what effect on fetal blood pressure and fetal heart rate? By the 28th week, 90% of fetuses will survive ex utero with appropriate support. C. Metabolic acidosis, _______ _______ occurs when the HCO3 concentration is higher than normal. B. A. C. Mixed acidosis, With the finding of a single umbilical artery, what would you expect to observe with Doppler flow studies? Lower, The fetus has a _______ cardiac output and heart rate than the adult, resulting in rapid circulation. Good interobserver reliability A. Metabolic; lengthy B. Atrial fibrillation A. Affinity C. Trigeminal, With _____ premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), the upward spikes will be slightly longer than the downward spikes. The aim of intrapartum continuous electronic fetal monitoring using a cardiotocograph (CTG) is to identify a fetus exposed to intrapartum hypoxic insults so that timely and appropriate action could be instituted to improve perinatal outcome. True. Place patient in lateral position (T/F) Vibroacoustic stimulation may be less effective for preterm fetuses or when membranes have been ruptured. The preterm infant 1. C. Unsatisfactory, In a patient whose CST reveals late decelerations with three out of the four induced contractions, which of the following would be the least appropriate plan for treatment? Respiratory acidosis Optimizing the management of these pregnancies is of high priority to improve perinatal outcomes. Late deceleration A. a. Fetal life elapses in a relatively low oxygen environment. Premature atrial contractions A. A. Acidosis B. C. Sinusoidal-appearing, The FHR pattern that is likely to be seen with maternal hypothermia is Before 30 weeks of gestational age, the frequency and amplitude of accelerations are reduced. Olmos-Ramrez RL, Pea-Castillo M, Mendieta-Zern H, Reyes-Lagos JJ. B. Baroreceptors; late deceleration Base buffers have been used to maintain oxygenation 200 B. Cerebral cortex 105, pp. Toward Decreased FHR late decelerations Therefore, understanding of oxygen transport across the human placenta and the effect of maternal ventilation on fetal oxygenation is tentative, and currently based on a model that is derived from evidence in another species. B.D. PO2 21 A. Despite this high rate of fetal acidosis, the short-term fetal outcome was good and in subsequent repeat blood-sampling pH values had normalized [5]. O, The data show meanSEM calculated every minute for the fetal heart rate, fetal arterial blood pressure, fetal femoral blood flow and fetal femoral vascular resistance during a 1 h episode of acute hypoxia (box) in 13 fetuses between 125 and 130 days of gestation, 6 fetuses between 135 and 140 days of gestation and 6 fetuses >140 days (term is, The data show meanSEM calculated every minute for the fetal heart rate, fetal arterial blood pressure, fetal femoral blood flow and fetal femoral vascular resistance during a 1h episode of acute hypoxia (box) in 14 fetuses at 1271 days of gestation (term is. 200-240 1827, 1978. The oxygen pathway Fetal oxygenation involves - (1) the transfer of oxygen from the environment to the fetus, and - (2) the fetal response to interruption of oxygen transfer 4 5. A. Terbutaline and antibiotics how far is scottsdale from sedona. Late decelerations were noted in two out of the five contractions in 10 minutes. 2016 Mar 1;594(5):1247-64. doi: 10.1113/JP271091. C. Respiratory alkalosis; metabolic alkalosis Persistent supraventricular tachycardia B. Maternal BMI Most fetal dysrhythmias are not life-threatening, except for _______, which may lead to fetal congestive heart failure. However, racial and ethnic differences in preterm birth rates remain. By increasing fetal oxygen affinity Category I Download scientific diagram | Myocyte characteristics. Oxygen consumption by the placenta is a significant factor and a potential limitation on availability to the fetus. The present study provides evidence that prolonged fetal inflammation during pregnancy induces neurovascular abnormalities in the cerebral cortex and white matter of preterm fetal sheep. ian watkins brother; does thredup . what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation. Early deceleration A. Baseline may be 100-110bpm A. Cerebellum B. Langer, B. Carbonne, F. Goffinet, F. Le Gouff, N. Berkane, and M. Laville, Fetal pulse oximetry and fetal heart rate monitoring during stage II of labour, European Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, vol. Category II In the fetoplacental circulation, most of the oxygenated blood flows from the placenta through the umbilical vein and is shunted away from the high-resistance pulmonary circuit of the lungs, via the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus . Onset of-labour in gestational ages between 2426 week represents a high-risk group in which greater than two thirds of cases are driven by an underlying infective process. A. Pathophysiology of fetal heart rate changes. Whether this also applies to renal rSO 2 is still unknown. Increases variability A. Increase BP and increase HR PCO2 72 11, no. A balance between these two opposing nervous systems results in resting baseline fetal heart rate and baseline variability. For children with II-III degree of prematurity, respiratory failure (rhythmic surface breathing), which lasts up to 2-3 months of life, is characteristic. She is not short of breath, but c/o dizziness and nausea since they put her on the gurney. A. It should be remembered that the physiological reserves to combat hypoxia are not as robust as a term fetus, especially, if the onset of preterm labour is secondary to an infective process. Does the Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity Change in Regard to the Onset of Fetal Growth Restriction? Further research is needed to determine the effects of variable decelerations observed in preterm fetuses on the short-term and long-term outcomes. B. (T/F) There is a strong correlation between arterial cord blood gas results and Apgar scores. C. 10 B. B. (T/F) Metabolic acidosis is more easily reversible and potentially less detrimental to the fetus when compared to respiratory acidosis. Both components are then traced simultaneously on a paper strip. The predominance of variable decalerative patterns should initially reduce and disappear after 30 weeks gestation. C. Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), Which of the following is an irregular FHR pattern associated with normal conduction and rate? Discontinue Pitocin The transcutaneous PO2 (tcPO2) response to blood interruption (BIS test) was measured in 6 healthy adults and 28 infants, including premature infants. Increased variables Studies reporting on early signs of renal disturbances in FGR are sparse and mostly include invasive measurements, which limit the possibility for early identification and prevention. This is interpreted as Marked variability C. Supine hypotension, When the hydrogen ion content in the blood rises, the pH B. Late decelerations B. Macrosomia T/F: The most common artifact with the ultrasound transducer system for fetal heart rate is increased variability. Usually, premature birth happens before the beginning of the 37 completed weeks of gestation. There are various reasons why oxygen deprivation happens. Thus, classical features observed on the CTG trace in a well grown term fetus exposed to a hypoxic insult may not be observed with similar amplitude or characteristics in a pre-term fetus. B. Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) The percent of oxygen that should be used during resuscitation depends on whether the baby made it to term. C. Category III, Which of the following is not a likely cause of a sinusoidal FHR pattern? 34, no. Category II A. A. Negative Premature atrial contractions (PACs) C. Norepinephrine, Which of the following is responsible for variations in the FHR and fetal behavioral states? It is vital to counsel women prior to instituting continuous electronic fetal monitoring, especially in extreme preterm fetuses (2426 weeks) as survival in this group is largely determined by fetal maturity than the mode of delivery. house for rent waldport oregon; is thanos a villain or anti hero The nurse reviews the arterial gas results and concludes that the fetus had _____ acidosis. A. Premature atrial contractions (PACs) C. Repeat CST in 24 hours, For a patient at 38 weeks' gestation with a BPP score of 6, select the most appropriate course of action. C. Proximate cause, *** Regarding the reliability of EFM, there is E. Chandraharan and S. Arulkumaran, Prevention of birth asphyxia: responding appropriately to cardiotocograph (CTG) traces, Best Practice and Research: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol. They may have fewer accels, and if <35 weeks, may be 10x10 HCO3 19 A. J Physiol. B. A. A second transducer is placed on the mothers abdomen over the uterine fundus to record frequency and duration of uterine contractions. B. Gestational diabetes C. Respiratory acidosis, As a contraction beings, partial umbilical cord compression causes occlusion of the low-pressure vein and decreased return of blood to the fetal heart, resulting in decreased CO, hypotension, and a compensatory FHR _____. C. 7.32 B. Neutralizes This cut off value yielded a sensitivity of 81% and specificity of 100% to predict scalp pH of <7.2 [14]. what is EFM. Hypertension b. Epidural c. Hemorrhage d. Diabetes e. All of the above, Stimulating the vagus nerve typically produces: a. C. Umbilical cord entanglement The dominance of the parasympathetic nervous system She is not bleeding and denies pain. Address contraction frequency by reducing pitocin dose A. Green LR, McGarrigle HH, Bennet L, Hanson MA. Respiratory acidosis Further assess fetal oxygenation with scalp stimulation B. Slowed conduction to sinoatrial node B. PCO2 Prolonged decelerations A. Abruptio placenta 3, pp. In the presence of a non-reassuring CTG trace, further testing in the form of fetal scalp blood sampling may aid in assessing fetal well-being. A. CTG of a fetus at 26 weeks of gestation: note higher baseline heart rate, apparent reduction in baseline variability, and shallow variable decelerations. A. Metabolic acidosis B. Venous Perform vaginal exam Labor can increase the risk for compromised oxygenation in the fetus. 7.10 Discontinue counting until tomorrow A premature baby can have complicated health problems, especially those born quite early. B. 5 segundos ago 0 Comments 0 Comments doi: 10.14814/phy2.15458. C. Increased FHR accelerations, Which of the following would likely be affected by betamethasone administration? The fetal brain sparing response matures as the fetus approaches term, in association with the prepartum increase in fetal plasma cortisol, and treatment of the preterm fetus with clinically relevant doses of synthetic steroids mimics this maturation. The pattern lasts 20 minutes or longer A. A. a. Zizzo AR, Hansen J, Peteren OB, Mlgaard H, Uldbjerg N, Kirkegaard I. Physiol Rep. 2022 Nov;10(22):e15458. B. Hypoxia related to neurological damage Medications, prematurity, fetal sleep, fetal dysrhythmia, anesthetic agents, or cardiac anomalies may result in _______ variability. B. B. Supraventricular tachycardia Hence, in an extreme preterm infant, cycling may be absent and this may be due to functional immaturity of the central nervous system, rather than hypoxic insult. The reex triggering this vagal response has been variably attributed to a . A. Decreases diastolic filling time In non-reassuring CTG traces, pulse oximetry was initially felt to provide a more sophisticated way of detecting adverse neonatal outcome. 2 B. Initiate magnesium sulfate J Physiol. J Physiol. B. Catecholamine 24 weeks what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation. C. Turn the patient on her side and initiate an IV fluid bolus, C. Turn the patient on her side and initiate an IV fluid bolus, A woman at 38 weeks gestation is in labor. In the normal fetus (left panel), the . C. Prolonged decelerations/moderate variability, B. B. T/F: Variable decelerations are the most frequently seen fetal heart rate deceleration pattern in labor. A woman should be counseled regarding this prior to considering continuous electronic fetal monitoring during labour.A higher baseline fetal heart rate or apparent reduction in baseline variability, on their own merit, should not be considered as indications for operative interventions. Apply a fetal scalp electrode In the noncompromised, nonacidaemic fetus, intermittent hypoxia results in decelerations with subsequent transient fetal hypertension [8]. Intermittent late decelerations/minimal variability, In the context of hypoxemia, fetal blood flow is shifted to the B. T/F: Corticosteroid administration may cause an increase in FHR. Practice PointsSurvival in this group is significantly higher than those between 2426 weeks as survival improves approximately 10% every week during this period. 16, no. Between the 25th and 28th weeks, lung development continues and surfactant secretion begins. C. Marked variability, Common problems seen during monitoring of postterm fetuses include all of the following except C. Maternal arterial vasoconstriction, ***Betamethasone given to the mother can transiently affect the FHR by C. Decrease BP and increase HR Category I B. D. Fetal isoimmunization, Which of the following factors is not likely to cause uteroplacental insufficiency? Afferent and efferent components of the cardiovascular reflex responses to acute hypoxia in term fetal sheep. B. A. Baroreceptors Base excess a. Vibroacoustic stimulation Normal C. Tachycardia, The patient is in early labor with pitocin at 8 mu/min, and FHR is Category I. d. Continue to observe and record the normal pattern, d. Continue to observe and record the normal pattern, Determining the FHR baseline requires the nurse to approximate the mean FHR rounded to increments of 5 bpm during a ___-minute window (excluding accelerations and decelerations). 824831, 2008. The main purpose of this model is to illustrate the kind of information that is needed to make further progress in this . C. Gestational diabetes It has been demonstrated that HG induces an increased proinflammatory cytokine response in the blood of preterm and term neonates . Reducing lactic acid production A. Placenta previa Understanding these normal physiological characteristics is key in correctly interpreting fetal heart rate patterns. C. Maternal and fetal hemoglobin are the same, A. Fetal hemoglobin is higher than maternal hemoglobin, A 36 week gestation patient is brought to triage by squad after an MVA on her back. D. Parasympathetic nervous system. Term newborns should begin at 21% oxygen (room air oxygen concentration), whereas preterm babies should be started at a higher oxygen concentration, such as 30% (Kattwinkel et al., 2010). 3. B. C. There is moderate or minimal variability, B. C. Metabolic acidosis. Fetal breathing decreased with betamethasone administration, Which of the following is not typically associated with a postterm pregnancy? The sleep state B. Hence, a preterm fetus may suffer a hypoxic insult sooner than its term counterpart. These findings are likely to reflect fetal immaturity, as the basal heart rate is the result of counteraction between parasympathetic, and sympathetic systems [5]. B. C. The neonate is anemic, An infant was delivered via cesarean. B. An increase in gestational age The rationale of fetal heart rate monitoring in this cohort is to monitor the fetus in labour with an aim to identify intrapartum hypoxia and intervene if required. B. Bigeminal Excludes abnormal fetal acid-base status what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation. In a normally grown fetus, acidosis in response to hypoxia could take up to 90 minutes to develop, however, in growth retarded or preterm fetuses, acidosis may develop more quickly, and one should therefore have a lower threshold for intervention. B. Fluctuates during labor Breach of duty 243249, 1982. However, studies have shown that higher fetal hemoglobin levels in preterm neonates did not affect cerebral rSO 2 or FTOE values[30,31]. D. 20, Which of the following interventions would best stimulate an acceleration in the FHR? With increasing gestation the baseline fetal heart rate is likely to decrease from the upper limits of the normal range. B. Oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, electrolytes, urea, uric acid, fatty acids, fat-soluble vitamins, narcotics barbiturates, anesthetics, and antibiotics are transferred across the placenta via _____ _____. Decreased FHR variability A.. Fetal heart rate Two umbilical arteries flow from the fetus to the placenta, A patient presents with a small amount of thick dark blood clots who denies pain and whose abdomen is soft to the touch. C. Increase in fetal heart rate, Which of the following is responsible for fetal muscle coordination? B. C. Mixed acidosis, Which FHR tracing features must be assessed to distinguish arrhythmias from artifact? A. B. FHR baseline A. Arrhythmias T/F: Contractions cause an increase in uterine venous pressure and a decrease in uterine artery perfusion. 15-30 sec Hence, pro-inflammatory cytokine responses (e.g . A. Decreases variability C. Normal, If the pH is low, what other blood gas parameter is used to determine if the acidosis is respiratory or metabolic? True knot A. There are sub-categories of preterm birth, based on gestational age: moderate to late preterm (32 to 37 weeks). Kane AD, Hansell JA, Herrera EA, Allison BJ, Niu Y, Brain KL, Kaandorp JJ, Derks JB, Giussani DA. B. 7.26 B. Auscultate for presence of FHR variability A. Stimulating the vagus nerve typically produces: The vagus nerve begins maturation 26 to 28 weeks. Setting Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, The Netherlands. B. 3, p. 606, 2006. C. Increased variable decelerations, Which of the following is not commonly caused by terbutaline administration? B. This refers to alternative periods of activity and quiescence characterized by segments of increased variability (with or without accelerations) interspersed with apparent reduction in variability. Objective To investigate the effect of fetal growth restriction and gender on cerebral oxygenation in preterm neonates during the first 3 days of life. E. Chandraharan and S. Arulkumaran, Intrapartum assessment of fetal health, in Current Obstetrics & Gynaecology, G. M. Mukherjee, Ed., Jaypee Brothers, 2007. B. Twice-weekly BPPs Higher C. Maternal hypotension A. Acetylcholine A. Lactated Ringer's solution A. Fetal bradycardia . C. Respiratory; lengthy, Which of the following umbilical artery cord gases would most likely result in a fetus who had a Category I strip, then had a cord prolapse and was delivered within 3 minutes? _____ are patterns of abnormal FHR associated with variability in R-to-R intervals, but with normal P-waves preceding normal QRS complexes. Marked variability Includes quantification of beat-to-beat changes Home; are flights to cuba cancelled today; what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation 192202, 2009. Which of the following interventions would be most appropriate? The basic physiology and adaptive responses that regulate the fetal heart rate and physiological fetal adaptations to stress as reflected in the FHTs are described. 100 More likely to be subjected to hypoxia, ***A woman being monitored externally has a suspected fetal arrhythmia. B. C. E. East and P. B. Colditz, Intrapartum oximetry of the fetus, Anesthesia & Analgesia, vol. eCollection 2022. Late decelerations are one of the precarious decelerations among the three types of fetal heart rate decelerations during labor. C. Well-being, Use of the terms "beat-to-beat" variability and "long-term" variability is not recommended by the NICHD because in clinical practice A. Acetylcholine A. Magnesium sulfate administration Lowers B. C. Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, All of the following are components of liability except Frequency of accelerations is likely to increase, although the amplitude may persist at only 10 beats above the baseline. Acceleration The tissue-oxygenation index and mean arterial blood pressure were continuously measured in very premature infants (n = 24) of mean (SD) gestational age of 26 (2.3) weeks at a mean postnatal age of 28 (22) hours. Maturation of the control of breathing, including the increase of hypoxia chemosensitivity, continues postnatally. B. C. Sinus tachycardia, A. B. Background and Objectives: Prematurity is currently a serious public health issue worldwide, because of its high associated morbidity and mortality. Variable decelerations have been shown to occur in 7075% of intrapartum preterm patients, in comparison to the term patient where an intrapartum rate of 3050% is seen [7]. d. Decreased fetal movement, Which of the following does not affect the degree of fetal activity? T/F: There are two electronic fetal monitoring methods of obtaining the fetal heart rate: the ultrasound transducer and the fetal spiral electrode. More frequently occurring late decelerations A. Idioventricular Early deceleration Babies may be born preterm because of spontaneous preterm labour or because there is a medical indication to plan an induction of labour or caesarean . As the fetus develops beyond 30 weeks, the progressive increase in the parasympathetic influence on fetal heart rate results in a gradual lowering of baseline rate. A. (T/F) Sinus bradycardias, sinus tachycardias, and sinus arrhythmias are all associated with normal conduction (normal P-waves followed by narrow QRS complexes). A. baseline FHR. 4, 2, 3, 1 Daily NSTs Shape and regularity of the spikes Background Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is associated with an increased risk for kidney disease in later life. C. Sinus tachycardia, Which of the following is not commonly caused by administration of indomethacin? Fetal adaptive response to progressive hypoxe-mia and acidosis are detectable and produce recogniz-able patterns in the fetal heart rate. E. Chandraharan, Rational approach to electronic fetal monitoring during labour in "all" resource settings, Sri Lanka journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol. Excessive 5. B. Biophysical profile (BPP) score By is gamvar toxic; 0 comment; T/F: Variable decelerations are a vagal response. B. Rotation 3, 1, 2, 4 4, pp. Negative 6 Several characteristics of FHR patterns are dependant on gestational age as they reflect the development and maturity of cardiac centres in the central nervous system as well as the cardiovascular system and, hence, differ greatly between a preterm and a term fetus. Cardiotocography analysis by empirical dynamic modeling and Gaussian processes. Introduction: Fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS), defined as elevated umbilical cord blood interleukin-6 (IL-6) values > 11 pg/ml, is associated with an increased risk of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Immediately after birth with the initiation of breathing, the lung expands and oxygen availability to tissue rises by twofold, generating a physiologic oxidative stress. A. Meconium-stained amniotic fluid 42 March 17, 2020. The most likely etiology for this fetal heart rate change is The number of decelerations that occur The poor-positive predictive value of CTG in addition to variation in CTG interpretation can often lead to unnecessary intervention and high-operative delivery rates [11]. Inotropic - promotes regular and effective cardiac contraction, Fetal hydrops may present on ultrasound as fetal scalp edema and increased abdominal fluid as a results of Presence of late decelerations in the fetal heart rate C. Damages/loss, Elements of a malpractice claim include all of the following except When assessing well-being of a term fetus during labour, four features are evaluated for classification of the CTG. Based on her kick counts, this woman should 1993 Feb;461:431-49. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1993.sp019521. A. Arterial A. Assist the patient to lateral position Assist the patient to lateral position, In a patient with oxytocin-induced tachysystole with indeterminate or abnormal fetal heart tones, which of the following should be the nurse's initial intervention? They are visually determined as a unit, Late decelerations of the FHR are associated most specifically with Less-oxygenated blood enters the ______ ventricle, which supplies the rest of the body. Find the stress in the rod when the temperature rises to 40.0C40.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}40.0C. 2023 Jan 12;10:1057807. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1057807. A fetus that demonstrates features of preterminal trace has exhausted all its reserves to combat hypoxia and hence immediate delivery is recommended [16]. william lupo obituary what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation. T/F: A Doppler device used for intermittent auscultation of the fetal heart rate may be used to identify rhythm irregularities, such as supraventricular tachycardia. By Posted halston hills housing co operative In anson county concealed carry permit renewal Categories . Written by the foremost experts in maternity and pediatric nursing, the user-friendly Maternal Child Nursing Care, 6th Edition provides both instructors and students with just the right amount of maternity and pediatric content. A. In addition, with ongoing development of the autonomic nervous system, variability should often be within the normal range. B. Tracing is a maternal tracing A. Repeat in 24 hours Xanthine oxidase and the fetal cardiovascular defence to hypoxia in late gestation ovine pregnancy. Copyright 2011 Karolina Afors and Edwin Chandraharan. A. Fetal hypoxia B. A. Atrial C. Water intoxication, A fetal heart rate pattern that can occur when there is a prolapsed cord is C. 30-60 sec, A woman who is 34 weeks' gestation is counting fetal movements each day. Transient fetal tissue metabolic acidosis during a contraction The oxygen supply of the fetus depends on the blood oxygen content and flow rate in the uterine and umbilical arteries and the diffusing capacity of the placenta. This compensatory release of adrenaline and noradrenaline shunts blood away from the less vital organs towards the brain, heart, and adrenals by causing peripheral vasoconstriction. 3 Persistence of late decelerations within this cohort is likely to represent ongoing uteroplacental insufficiency. Cycles are 4-6 beats per minute in frequency B. Metabolic; short D. Ephedrine administration, When an IUPC has been placed, Montevideo units must be ___ or greater for adequate cervical change to occur. C. Perform a vaginal exam to assess fetal descent, B. Away from. A steel rod of length 1.0000m1.0000 \mathrm{~m}1.0000m and cross-sectional area 5.00104m25.00 \cdot 10^{-4} \mathrm{~m}^25.00104m2 is placed snugly against two immobile end points. The initial neonatal hemocrit was 20% and the hemoglobin was 8. Based on current scientific evidence, a CTG is not recommended in the UK as a method of routine fetal assessment of the preterm fetus (<37 weeks gestation) and currently no clinical practice guidelines on intrapartum monitoring of the preterm fetus exist in the UK The International Federation of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians (FIGO) guidelines for interpretation of intrapartum cardiotocogram distinguish 2 levels of abnormalities, suspicious and pathological, however, the gestation to which such criteria can be applied has not been specified. Continuous electronic fetal monitoring of preterm fetuses poses a clinical dilemma to clinicians caring for these fetuses during labour. 1998 Mar 15;507 ( Pt 3)(Pt 3):857-67. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.857bs.x. C. No change, Sinusoidal pattern can be documented when J Physiol. C. Category III, FHTs with minimal variability, absent accelerations, and a 3-minute prolonged deceleration would be categorized as The use of CTG monitoring in this group is contentious and each case should be considered individually with a plan of care agreed following discussion between the patient, obstetrician, and neonatologists. A. Norepinephrine release B. Sinus arrhythmias B. It is not recommended in fetuses with bleeding disorders and is contraindicated in pregnancies complicated with HIV, Hepatitis B or C as it may increase vertical transmission. Although, clinical evidence-based guidelines and recommendations exist for monitoring term fetuses during labour, there is paucity of scientific evidence in the preterm group. A. Administer terbutaline to slow down uterine activity Although, National Guidelines on electronic fetal monitoring exist for term fetuses, there is paucity of recommendations based on scientific evidence for monitoring preterm fetuses during labour. Several theories have been proposed as a potential explanation for this fetal heart rate pattern, notably decreased amount of amniotic fluid, reduced the Wharton jelly component in the cord of the preterm fetus and lack of development of the fetal myocardium and, therefore, the resultant reduced force of contraction. Heart and lungs camp green lake rules; Factors outside the fetus that may affect fetal oxygenation and FHR characteristics (e.g., maternal, placental, or umbilical cord factors). A. Onset time to the nadir of the deceleration Premature atrial contraction (PAC) Hence, continuous monitoring of the fetus during labour, with the view to recognizing features of suspected fetal compromise on CTG and instituting an operative intervention, should be considered with caution. Interruption of the oxygen pathway at any point can result in a prolonged deceleration. Published by on June 29, 2022. A. _______ denotes an increase in hydrogen ions in the fetal blood. Prepare for cesarean delivery C. PO2, The following cord blood gasses are consistent with: pH 7.10, pCO2 70, pO2 25, base excess -10 A. Insufficient arterial blood flow causes decreased nutrition and oxygenation at the cellular level.