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[37] David Livingstone Secondary School in Ntabazinduna about 40km from. Gooding, Philip. At the tender age of 10, he was working in the cotton mill of Henry . When he asked to extend his probationary training at Ongar, Cecil told him of their wish that he should be employed in the West Indies "in preference to South Africa". 40 followers 39 . Livingstone Kolobeng College, a private secondary school in Gaborone, Botswana. [19] On 20 November 1840 Livingstone was ordained a minister of the church, as was another missionary to South Africa, William Ross, in a service at the Albion Chapel, Finsbury. "[8], He was excited by Moffat's vision of expanding missionary work to the north of Bechuanaland, and by the hotly debated topic of Christianity and commerce. From there, Ma Robert had to make repeated slow journeys, getting hauled across shoals. "Cameron, Verney Lovett". We specialize in children and family portraits but also love to do just about anything - including senior portraits, large. One Woodrow Wilson Plaza1300 Pennsylvania Ave. NWWashington, DC 20004-3027, Senior Advisor to U.S. Special Presidential Envoy for Climate John Kerry, 2023 The Wilson Center. He proposed to do more exploration, primarily to find routes for commercial trade which he believed would displace slave trade routes, more so than for solely missionary work. Livingston Photography | Nephi UT David received a Bachelor's degree from Princeton University and a Doctor of Jurisprudence from The University of Texas School . [96], Digital archives unifying these and other sources are made publicly available by the Livingstone Online project at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Dr. David Livingstone was a Scottish missionary and explorer. He is a graduate of the University of Southern California and the University of Oxford, and is a term member of the Council on Foreign Relations. Livingstone, Justin D. "Livingstones Life & Expeditions." The Livingstone Healthservice in Jardn Amrica, Misiones, Argentina is named in his honour. David crafted these first photos in the foothills of California. Dissertations available from ProQuest. Custom sizes and custom surfaces are available. Whether Im working for magazines, small businesses, or corporations, I like to make the location essential to my portraiture photography. All rights reserved. On 11 November 2011, Livingstone's 1871 Field Diary, as well as other original works, was published online for the first time by the David Livingstone Spectral Imaging Project. ", followed by a repeated chorus of "We're all looking for someone". in Adrian S. Wisnicki and Megan Ward, eds. Sechele begged Livingstone not to give up on him because his faith was still strong, but Livingstone left the country and went north to continue his Christianizing attempts. David Duncan Livingston Photography captures a corner in a living room displaying a white curved sofa with gray chevron pillows. Published more than 7 books of home design and architecture. A true hero of the Victorian age, Livingstone could claim important contributions in the fields of geography, missionary work and the abolition of slavery among his . For the first time, he met their daughter Mary, who had been born and brought up in Africa. David Livingstone (1813-1873), a London missionary, became the first European to cross the African continent. He has been the photographer of seven books on home design. In January 1866, Livingstone returned to Africa, this time to Zanzibar, and from there he set out to seek the source of the Nile. We focus on documenting the authentic emotions and events that take place at your wedding in a creative light and deliver stunning wedding photography. The Pioneer was delayed getting down to the coast to meet them, and there were further delays after it was found that the Bishop had died. David was the husband of Mary Moffat Livingstone, from the prominent 18th Century missionary family, Moffat. Livingstone took Pioneer up the coast and investigated the Ruvuma River, the physician John Kirk wrote "I can come to no other conclusion than that Dr Livingstone is out of his mind and a most unsafe leader". Artist Website, Sculpture, Painting, Video art, Performance art, Contemporary Art, Fine Art, Artist, David Blaine Livingston [8], Partly as a result, within 50 years of his death, colonial rule was established in Africa, and white settlement was encouraged to extend further into the interior. I shoot these portraits on location in homes, offices and work environments. His illness made him confused and he had judgment difficulties at the end of his life. From Moffats mission at Kuruman on the Cape frontier, which Livingstone reached on July 31, 1841, he soon pushed his search for converts northward into untried country where the population was reputed to be more numerous. I frame the touch points of my subject, giving the viewer a layered impression of the person and the surrounds that are important to them. This listing includes patent applications that are pending as well as patents that have already been granted by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). 2023 DAVID DUNCAN LIVINGSTON. It is this power [with] which I hope to remedy an immense evil. This group and the medical missionaries it sponsored came to have major, positive impact on the people of Africa. They removed his heart and buried it under a tree near the spot where he died, which has been identified variously as a mvula tree or a baobab tree but is more likely to be a mpundu tree, as baobabs are found at lower altitudes and in more arid regions. (1911). In 1849 they crossed the Kalahari Desert and reached Lake Ngami. His arm healed, enabling him to shoot and lift heavy weights, though it remained a source of much suffering for the rest of his life, and he was not able to lift the arm higher than his shoulder. He opened up Central Africa to missionaries who initiated the education and healthcare for Africans, and trade by the African Lakes Company. In London, his body lay in repose at No.1 Savile Row, then the headquarters of the Royal Geographical Society, prior to interment at Westminster Abbey.[8][78][79]. He was then accepted as a probationary candidate, and given initial training at Ongar, Essex, as the introduction to studies to become a minister within the Congregational Union serving under the LMS, rather than the more basic course for an artisan missionary. In his absences, his children grew up missing their father, and his wife Mary (daughter of Mary and Robert Moffat), whom he married in 1845, endured very poor health, and died of malaria on 27 April 1862. They reached Chibisa's and the Murchison Cataracts in April, then began dismantling Lady Nyasa and building a road to take its sections past the cataracts, while explorations continued.[52][53]. [47] That mission eventually suffered deaths from malaria of a missionary, his wife, a second missionary's wife and three children. [39], Livingstone advocated the establishment of trade and religious missions in central Africa, but abolition of the African slave trade, as carried out by the Portuguese of Tete and the Arab Swahili of Kilwa, became his primary goal. Others on the expedition became the first to reach Lake Nyasa and they explored it in a four-oared gig. Having a family with a strong, continuing commitment to study reinforced his education. He explored the Lualaba and, failing to find connections to the Nile, returned to Lake Bangweulu and its swamps to explore possible rivers flowing out northwards. In 1838 he was accepted by the London Missionary Society. David Livingstone foi um pastor que nasceu em Blantyre, a sul de Glasgow, em 19 de maro de 1813. Born on March 19, 1813, in Blantyre, Scotland Livingstone and his six siblings were all raised in a single room in a tenement building that housed the families of employees of the local cotton . Livingstone then travelled through swamps in the direction of Lake Tanganyika, with his health declining. (Colin Perkel/The Canadian Press) A top aide to former Ontario premier Dalton McGuinty was sentenced on. David Livingston, at the centre of OPP probe, was a banker before entering public service. Vision Video 1.02M subscribers Subscribe 96K views 2 years ago Dr. David Livingstone took the Gospel to Africa in word and deed. This suited his purpose of spreading the Gospel through native agents. By the summer of 1842, he had already gone farther north than any other European into the difficult Kalahari country and had familiarized himself with the local languages and cultures. His mother, a Lowlander, was descended from a family of Covenanters, a group of militant Presbyterians. In 1855 David Livingstone became the first European to see Victoria Falls (at the border of modern Zambia and Zimbabwe); he named them forQueen Victoria. Livingstone moved there by agreement, and joined them in the physical work of building facilities. David Livingston. Thomas, died in Egypt in 1876 at the age of 27 from. [41] He believed that the key to achieving these goals was the navigation of the Zambezi River as a Christian commercial highway into the interior. c 80, C. A. Baker, "The Development of the Administration to 1897", in. Livingstone attended Blantyre village school, along with the few other mill children with the endurance to do so despite their 14-hour workday (6 am8 pm). [67][pagesneeded] Livingstone immediately became interested in Sechele, and especially his ability to read. 1 deal -10% $5,200 Request pricing This monotonous work was necessary to support his impoverished family, but it taught him persistence, endurance, and a natural empathy with all who labour, as expressed by lines that he used to hum from the egalitarian Rabbie Burns song: "When man to man, the world o'er/Shall brothers be for a' that".[a]. In June 1843, Edwards got LMS approval to set up a mission station with his wife at Mabotsa. [12][15], The London Missionary Society (LMS) was at the time the major organisation in the country for missionary work, and unlike others was open to Congregationalists. His expeditions were hardly models of order and organisation. David Duncan Livingston - Project Photos & Reviews - Mill Valley, CA US | Houzz Get Ideas Photos Kitchen & DiningKitchenDining RoomPantryGreat RoomBreakfast Nook LivingLiving RoomFamily RoomSunroom Bed & BathBathroomPowder RoomBedroomStorage & ClosetBaby & Kids UtilityLaundryGarageMudroom [97][98][citation needed]. [93] His one regret in later life was that he did not spend enough time with his children. $12.00) and can be ordered directly from our online store. Livingstone House in Harare, Zimbabwe, designed by Leonora Granger. [34] At Kolobeng Mission Livingstone converted Chief Sechele in 1849 after two years of patient persuasion. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. p.109. David Livingston Photography About See all We take Photos! In Africa, he established mission clinics and did what he could to fight the barbarity of slave trade. David Livingston Work Experience and Education. David Livingston, the most prolific director in Star Trek history, is on HoFoCo's board. [56] Following the end of the wet season, he travelled 240 miles (390km) from Nyangwe back to Ujiji, an Arab settlement on the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika violently ill most of the way arriving on 23 October 1871. Encyclopdia Britannica. Yet the famous meeting was only the . It was shipped out in sections, contrary to his request, with a mission party including Mary Livingstone, and arrived in 1862. Gold bust in the city of Borden, Ontario. By this time he had acquired those characteristics of mind and body that were to fit him for his African career. He proposed that missions and "legitimate commerce" by river into central Africa would end slave trading. [18], To gain necessary clinical training he continued his medical studies at the Charing Cross Hospital Medical School, with his courses covering medical practice, midwifery, and botany. More painterly than digital, these fine art photographs of landscapes, seascapes and icons are captured in camera and not with manipulation of computer. His father was persuaded and, like many other students in Scotland, Livingstone was to support himself, with the agreement of the mill management, by working at his old job from Easter to October, outwith term time. He inspired abolitionists of the slave trade, explorers, and missionaries. [58][59], The cause behind this attack is stated to be retaliation for actions of Manilla, the head slave who had sacked villages of Mohombo people at the instigation of the Wagenya chieftain Kimburu. Location 4.8. 5.0. [28], The Moffats, accompanied by two new missionary families, reached the Vaal River in January 1844, Livingstone rode out to meet them there, then sat in the Moffats' ox-cart talking with Robert for hours during the seventeen or eighteen days it took to get home to Kuruman. They reached the Portuguese city of Luanda on the Atlantic in May 1854 after profound difficulties and the near-death of Livingstone from fever. [7] In 1832, he read Philosophy of a Future State, written by Thomas Dick, and he found the rationale that he needed to reconcile faith and science and, apart from the Bible, this book was perhaps his greatest philosophical influence. As resident director of the LMS, Philip had continued their policy that all people were equal before God and in law, leading to disputes with Boers, and with British settlers as Philip held that Xhosa people were not to blame for the Xhosa Wars over extending the Cape Colony. A bust of Livingstone is among those of famous Scotsmen in the, A memorial plaque commemorating the centenary of Livingstone's birth was dedicated in, A statue of David Livingstone stands in a niche on the outer wall of the. David M. Livingston, MD, FAACR, an internationally recognized expert on the role of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in breast and ovarian cancer, died Oct. 17, 2021, at the age of 80. Being a quick learner, Sechele learned the alphabet in two days and soon called English a second language. The following species have been named in honour of David Livingstone: The mineral livingstonite is named in his honor. An interesting article about personal branding portrait photography can be read in the New York Times, here. The publication of his last journal revealed stubborn determination in the face of suffering. A plaque was unveiled in November 2005 at Livingstone Island on the lip of Victoria Falls marking where Livingstone stood to get his first view of the falls. He reached Lake Malawi on 6 August, by which time most of his supplies had been stolen, including all his medicines. The publication of Dr. Livingstones Cambridge Lectures (1858) roused almost as much interest as his book, and out of his Cambridge visit came the Universities Mission to Central Africa in 1860, on which Livingstone set high hopes during his second expedition to Africa. In the diary he described his sending his men with protection of a flag to assist Manilla's brother, in his journal version it was to assist villagers. In 1850, he was recognised by the Royal Geographical Society which presented him a chronometer watch for 'his journey to the great lake of Ngami'. Contemporary Casual Designer: Erin King Location: Manhattan Beach, California Size: 100 square feet (9.2 square meters); 10 by 10 feet (3 by 3 meters) David was employed at the age of ten in the cotton mill of Henry Monteith & Co. in Blantyre Works. [37][49], The prefabricated iron river steamer Ma Robert was quickly built in portable sections, and loaded onto the Colonial Office steamer Pearl, which took them out on its way to Ceylon. Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. [66], Livingstone died on 1 May 1873 at the age of 60 in Chief Chitambo's village at Chipundu, southeast of Lake Bangweulu, in present-day Zambia, from malaria and internal bleeding due to dysentery. "The Nile sources", he told a friend, "are valuable only as a means of opening my mouth with power among men. This articleincorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. His reputation was rehabilitated by Stanley and his newspaper,[42] and by the loyalty of Livingstone's servants whose long journey with his body inspired wonder. This is one of only two of Charles's photos that are known to survive. [6] He was the second of seven children born to Neil Livingstone (17881856) and his wife Agnes (ne Hunter; 17821865). After an arduous journey that might have wrecked the constitution of a lesser man, Livingstone reached Luanda on the west coast on May 31, 1854. He was also able to make himself independent of the London Missionary Society. Found 1 colleague at David Duncan Livingston Photographer. Read more started his journey behind the camera at age 15 and has documented over 1,000 weddings during his career. Upon finding the Lualaba River, Livingstone theorised that it could have been the high part of the Nile River; but realised that it in fact flowed into the River Congo at Upper Congo Lake. [8], Livingstone and Mary were married on 9 January 1845. Referral from October 23, 2017. "I Will Open a Path into the Interior (of Africa), or Perish: David Livingstone and the Mapping of Africa.". Currently, David Livingston works as a Director, Leadership Development at McChrystal Group. He was saved by Arab traders who gave him medicines and carried him to an Arab outpost. Find more info on AllPeople about David Livingston and David Duncan Livingston Photographer, as well as people who work for similar businesses nearby, colleagues for other branches, and more people with a similar name. david@davidduncanlivingston.com, 415.383.0898david@davidduncanlivingston.com, David D Livingston | Fine Art Photography. Service 4.5. David Livingstone FRGS FRS ( / lvstn /; 19 March 1813 - 1 May 1873) was a Scottish physician, Congregationalist, and pioneer Christian missionary [2] with the London Missionary Society, an explorer in Africa, and one of the most popular British heroes of the late 19th-century Victorian era. [65] As noted by his biographer Tim Jeal, Stanley struggled his whole life with a self-perceived weakness of being from a humble background, and manufactured events to make up for this supposed deficiency. ", Liebenberg, Elri. David Livingstone, the Scottish explorer, abolitionist and physician who is famous for being the first European to discover Victoria Falls, initially hoped to go to China as a missionary. I create personal branding photos that become portraits used on websites and social media. [8], In 1860, the Universities' Mission to Central Africa was founded at his request. Previously, David was a Counsel at Barry Conge Har ris and also held positions at Chronicle Books, Burleson Cooke, FIMSA. [48], Livingstone was now a celebrity, in great demand as a public speaker, and was elected to the Royal Society. A song from American heavy metal band Alcatrazz called Jet to Jet from 1983's No Parole from Rock 'n' Roll contains the lyrics "Dr. Livingstone where are you, when We need you the most" which is in reference to the famed doctor and his expedition to Africa. Chris Ray Photography is a business in Birmingham, Alabama that offers wedding photography as well as wedding videography and engagement photography. David Livingstone. During the long voyage he studied Dutch and Tswana language, and the captain gave him extensive tuition in navigation. Professional Speaker To book David now, call (415) 455-9076 He read books on theology, travel, and missionary enterprises extensively. Eventually he successfully reached Quelimane on the Indian Ocean, having mapped most of the course of the Zambezi river. Leading interior designers select the works for prominent homes from London to Kona. Only one of his 44 letter dispatches made it to Zanzibar. He has never failed me. William Oswell (nicknamed Zouga because of the river along which he was born, in 1851; died in 1892 in Trinidad where he practiced medicine. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Edinburgh: Maull & Polyblank, 1858. [citation needed], Livingstone was wrong about the Nile, but he identified numerous geographical features for Western science, such as Lake Ngami, Lake Malawi, and Lake Bangweulu, in addition to Victoria Falls mentioned above. More information On 15 March 1841 the ship arrived at Simon's Bay, and for a month while it unloaded and loaded, the three stayed at Cape Town with Mr and Mrs Philip. He could never permanently convert the tribesmen to Christianity, however. Honours flowed in upon him. Using both natural light and strobe lighting, I create the editorial-style photos you see on this site. With no supplies, Livingstone had to eat his meals in a roped-off enclosure for the entertainment of the locals in return for food. While talking about the slave trade in East Africa in his journals: To overdraw its evil is a simple impossibility.[80]. The family lived in a single room in a tenement, and Livingstone went to work at a cotton mill at age 10. Goodreads Author. [41] Livingstone was part of an evangelical and nonconformist movement in Britain which during the 19th century helped change the national mindset from the notion of a divine right to rule 'lesser races', to more modernly ethical ideas in foreign policy. . 2. In the estimation of Neil Parsons of the University of Botswana, Sechele "did more to propagate Christianity in 19th-century southern Africa than virtually any single European missionary". They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. in Dominik Geppert, ed.. Wisnicki, Adrian S. (2009). The strangest disease I have seen in this country seems really to be broken-heartedness, and it attacks free men who have been captured and made slaves Twenty one were unchained, as now safe; however all ran away at once; but eight with many others still in chains, died in three days after the crossing. Neil Livingstone was a Sunday school teacher and teetotaller who handed out Christian tracts on his travels as a door-to-door tea salesman. The Moody Blues 1968 single "Dr. Livingstone, I Presume" paints the adventures of Livingstone, Captain Scott, and Columbus with the refrain "What did you find there? Rea, W. F. "Livingstone's Rhodesian Legacy. At the age of 21, he was excited by a pamphlet his father got from the church setting out Gtzlaff's call for missionaries to China, with the new concept that missionaries should be trained as medical doctors. Class of 2014. [27] He wrote to tell LMS secretary Arthur Tidman, saying he would be delighted to call Mabotsa "the centre of the sphere of my labours", but would try to hold himself "in readiness to go anywhere, provided it be forward". Urobil vea aj pre skoncovanie s obchodovanm s otrokmi. PH.D. F.S.A. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Livingstone had suffered over thirty attacks during his previous journey but had understated his suffering and overstated the quality of the land they would find, and the missionaries set out for the marshy region with wholly inadequate supplies of quinine. In order to take his Makololo followers back home and to carry out further explorations of the Zambezi, as soon as his health permittedon September 20, 1854he began the return journey. Neil feared that science books were undermining Christianity and attempted to force his son to read nothing but theology, but David's deep interest in nature and science led him to investigate the relationship between religion and science. The way I approach portraiture photography is similar to how I approach interior photography: I thoughtfully place my subject in an impactful location and capture both the person and the setting for a layered story of person and place. The resulting injury to his left arm was complicated by another accident, and he could never again support the barrel of a gun steadily with his left hand and thus was obliged to fire from his left shoulder and to take aim with his left eye. [77] Seventy-nine followers completed the journey, the men were paid their due wages, and Livingstone's remains were returned by ship to Britain for burial. David Livingstone's early childhood reads like a Charles Dickens novel, albeit one set in the Scottish Highlands rather than the streets of London. "[121] mentions Livingstone "traveling up the Nile". With LMS agreement, he continued to get theological tuition from Cecil until the end of the year, then resumed medical studies. in, Kilbride, Daniel. Livingstone responded, "Yes", and then, "I feel thankful that I am here to welcome you." ", Livingstone to Lord Clarendon 19 March 1857 Clarendon Papers Bodleian Library Dep. This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 04:20. Custom sizes and custom surfaces are available. . [17] In June 1839 the LMS directors accepted Livingstone, and agreed to his request to continue studying with Cecil at Ongar until the end of the year, then have LMS support for medical studies in London. Bruce, a wealthy Scottish brewery executive. Livingstone, David (1813-1873), explorer and missionary, was born on 19 March 1813 at Blantyre, Lanarkshire.He was the second son of Neil Livingstone (1788-1856) and his wife, Agnes (1782-1865), daughter of David Hunter. Livingstone grew up in a distinctively Scottish family environment of personal piety, poverty, hard work, zeal for education, and a sense of mission. In November 1871, journalist Henry Morton Stanley located the missing missionary David Livingstone in the wilds of Africa. [14] Livingstone worked hard, got a good grounding in science and medicine, and made lifelong friends including Andrew Buchanan and James Young. My goal is not only to capture my client with positive, open expressions, that are welcoming to the viewer alike, but to allow their creative identity and personality show through in each image. [8], Livingstone completely lost contact with the outside world for six years and was ill for most of the last four years of his life. A medical doctor, missionary, preacher, African explorer, humanitarian, and fighter against the slave trade, David Livingstone went fearlessly to places other outsiders had never gone and, from the obscurity of the remote African interior, became one of the most celebrated heroes of his era. [95], Papers relating to Livingstone's time as a London Missionary Society missionary (including hand-annotated maps of South East Africa) are held by the Archives of the School of Oriental and African Studies. [citation needed], On 15 July 1871,[57] Livingstone recorded in his field diary his immediate impressions as he witnessed around 400 Africans being massacred by Arab slavers at the Nyangwe market on the banks of the Lualaba River, while he was watching next the leading Arab trader Dugumbe who had given him assistance. Slave owners throughout history considered slaves subhuman animals. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. [56] In March 1869, Livingstone suffered from pneumonia and arrived in Ujiji to find his supplies stolen. [10], Livingstone's experiences in H. Monteith's Blantyre cotton mill were also important from ages 10 to 26, first as a piecer and later as a spinner. He was coming down with cholera and had tropical ulcers on his feet, so he was again forced to rely on slave traders to get him as far as Bambarawhere he was caught by the wet season. During the anti-colonial 1960s, Livingstone was debunked: he made only one certified convert, who later backslid; he explored few areas not already traveled by others; he freed few slaves; he treated his colleagues horribly; he traveled with Arab slave traders; his family life was in shamblesin short, to many he embodied the "White Man's Burden" mentality. Curator of the Rhodes-Livingstone Museum. He is mostly known for his involvement in the writing and production of the various modern Star Trek franchises. Value 4.3. At age 10 he had to help his family and was put to work in a cotton mill, and with part of his first weeks wages he bought a Latin grammar. Certified Brain Health Coach - Amen Clinics . Wildlife, Big Red Dress, Light Painting, Property and Events 190 peoplelike this 194 people follow this +599 9 694 8104 sunshineisonline@gmail.com Photographer Photos See all Page transparency See all Facebook is showing information to help you better understand the purpose of a Page. Dr. David Livingstone, portrait photograph. They left on 10 March, at Freetown collected twelve Kru seafarers to man the river steamer, and reached the Zambezi on 14 May. In my free time, I pursue several hobbies including playing guitar, woodworking, photography, and sports. Guests of this hotel . [65] Stanley's book suggests that this greeting was truly motivated by embarrassment, because he did not dare to embrace Livingstone. Vol. However, readers of the Herald immediately saw through Stanley's pretensions. David D. Livingstons fine art photographs are printed in a limited edition of 10 on 100% archival rag paper and using state of the art technology. [46], While he negotiated with the government for his new position as Consul, the LMS thought that he would return to Africa with their mission to the Kololo in Barotseland, which Livingstone had promoted. Livingstone resigned from the London Missionary Society in 1857, and in May of that year he was appointed as Her Majesty's Consul with a roving commission, extending through Mozambique to the areas west of it. Before this first parting with his family, Livingstone had already achieved a small measure of fame as surveyor and scientist of a small expedition responsible for the first European sighting of Lake Ngami (August 1, 1849), for which he was awarded a gold medal and monetary prize by the British Royal Geographical Society. [8], Other significant influences in his early life were Thomas Burke, a Blantyre evangelist, and David Hogg, his Sunday school teacher. Livingstone Hospital, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.