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For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. By then, it had reclaimed its Pacific colonies from Japan. 9; Lauren B. Hirshbergs dissertation about Kwajalein island and neighboring Ebeye, Targeting Kwajalein: U.S. %PDF-1.5 Frank Ninkovich offers an overview of the historiography in The United States and Imperialism, in Robert D. Schulzinger, ed., A Companion to American Foreign Relations (Malden, MA, 2003), 79102. Headings - United States--History - United States--Foreign relations - United States--Colonial question - United States--Territorial expansion Notes 1. Nevertheless, it is worth pointing out that a full census of all the people who lived under U.S. jurisdiction at the wars endresidents of the states, colonies, and occupied zonesreveals the astonishing fact that the majority (51%) lived outside of the continental United States. Mexican Cession. Micronesia, United Nations Trust Territory; 1979 self-governing; 1986 10. U.S. The Hart-Bolton map, published in 1917, was one of the last such maps to appear. But what isnt important to the argument is the formal empire. The figure I have given for the black population attempts to account for black people throughout the Greater United States, not just on the mainland. Title from title sheet. The mission of the historical office is to collect, preserve, and present the history of the Office of . 43 These little Americas wereand arepockets of extraterritorial control scattered throughout the world. This has been a common response of cities to urbanization in neighboring areas. 1845. Soo Sung Cho, Korea in World Politics, 19401950: An Evaluation of American Responsibility (Berkeley, CA, 1967), 23, 34. The question of territory was there from the start. Fish and Wildlife Service, Purchased from Spain for $20 millon following It has to do also with something deeper: our conception of the United States. California filled with whites and transitioned from military rule to statehood in two years. If California was one end of the spectrum, Oklahoma was the other. That was undoubtedly less than lived in the world-straddling British Empire, where there were roughly ten colonial subjects for every inhabitant of the British Isles. Includes notes and statistics table including population and distances. I prefer the term Greater United States, just so as to avoid confusion with Herbert E. Boltons influential notion of the Greater America, intended to encompass all of the Americas within a single analytical frame. only own words please, Creating A Proforma Statement 42. ^ a b c d e f g h i j World Atlas. assumed claims, Purchased from Spain for $5 million in assumed claims 28. 33, Furthermore, the Japanese-occupied parts of the United States became a Pacific bloodlands. Puerto Rican scholars have written a great deal about Albizu, who is a towering figure in Puerto Rican culture. The organization consisted of several groups of adventurers for hire that acted more or less independently under the company's charter. This box map, from the inside cover of the 1910 edition of Allen C. Thomas's textbook, An Elementary History of the United States (first published 1900), shows the Philippines, Alaska, Hawai'i, Guam, Wake Island, American Samoa, and Puerto Rico. 5 In my home city of Chicago, there is a public high school named after him (with an adjoining family learning center for teen parents named after Lolita Lebrn, the chief shooter in the 1954 House shootings). It comes from 189899, when the United States gutted Spains empire, claiming the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam for itself, occupying Cuba, and taking the occasion to annex the non-Spanish lands of Hawaii and American Samoa. Two weeks before Dien Bien Phu, four nationalists entered the House of Representatives in Washington, D.C., made their way to the upstairs Ladies Gallery, unfurled a Puerto Rican flag, pulled out pistols, and fired 29 rounds into the body politic below them. stream In the 1840s and 1850s, US leaders saw Cuba's strategic importance Annexation by the United States Read . Diplomatic History used to be like that. David Rumsey Map Collection. Earl S. Pomeroy, Pacific Outpost: American Strategy in Guam and Micronesia (Stanford,CA, 1951). There has been an accelerating avalanche of high-profile books on U.S. overseas territory, especially the Philippines. 22. Interior, Leased from Panama for $10 million, plus $250,000 Search for other works by this author on: The Author 2016. 5 (2015): 927-42, and the more familiar story of Indian reservations. 2. Oregon Territory. The present historiographical preoccupation with U.S. empire is usually dated to 1959, the year that William Appleman Williamss The Tragedy of American Diplomacy was published. From what I see coming down the dissertation pipeline, were going to see a lot more. For a very long time, in fact. Certainly, in terms of size, current overseas holdings dont add up to muchall U.S. overseas territory today, including military bases, comprises an area smaller than Connecticut. In the Philippines, the United States abandoned its initial strategy of engaging Japanese forces on the ground for one of bombing and shelling suspected Japanese targets from afar. Pdf. This purchase ended Russia's presence in North America and ensured U.S. access to the Pacific northern rim. 22. That is the same number that the American Historical Review has published. Consider Williamss Empire as a Way of Life , a 226-page survey of U.S. imperial ambitions that engages in no substantive discussion of any overseas territory. Vendor: Bernard J. Shapero Books (London) Acquisitions control no. self-governing commonwealth of the United States, Annexed following Spanish-America War; in 1950 became Following the United States' annexation of the Philippines, _____ led a revolt against the U.S. that resulted in more U.S. casualties than the number who . Zone in Germany (17,174): figures from October 1946 census reported in The Demography of War: Germany, Population Index 14 (1948): 299; Continental United States (132,481): Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970 (Washington, DC: 1975), part I, 8. (New York, 2006), 179. diss., University of California, Berkeley, 2014). To the story of the United States attempt to encompass Indians within its territorial framework should be added the story of the United States grappling with self-constituted Indian polities, on which see Brian DeLay, Indian Polities, Empire, and the History of American Foreign Relations, Diplomatic History 39, no. Imperial maps are discussed in Susan Schulten, The Geographical Imagination in America, 18801950 (Chicago, IL, 2001), 3844, 17680. The Oregon Treaty with Great Britain. Bicknell, Edward. of the United States, Geography 20 But California was the extreme. But to think of the United States as having an informal empire only would be to miss something important. On December 29, 1845, Texas became the 28th state. A key enabling move made by Williams and the Wisconsin School that continued his ideas was to refuse to limit discussion of empire to a discussion of colonies. The United States continued to hold colonies after World War II, hence the Puerto Rican Uprising of 1950 and House shooting of 1954. 30. Despite the obvious relevance of territorial issues to the most important events of the nineteenth centuryit was the question of slavery in the territories that sparked the Civil Warwe nevertheless find it easy to conceive of territories as embryonic states, and thus to touch only lightly on their subjugated status. Hello, But thats not it. On Indian Territory, alternatively known as Indian Country: Roy Gittinger, The Formation of the State of Oklahoma, 18031906 (Norman, OK, 1939); Francis Paul Prucha, The Great Father: The United States and the American Indians , 2 vols. It was a moment when the United States briefly flirted with outright territorial conquest before turning toward other, harder-to-see forms of global power. Law Club (Chicago, Ill.) - Smith, Howard Leslie. state.gov. W.B. They are maintained, not through informal influence, but through legal agreements, formal incursions onto the sovereignty of host nations. U.S. historians have displayed a tremendous interest in the subject of empire for a long time. See, for example, James C. Fernald, The Imperial Republic (New York, 1899); Alpheus H. Snow, The Administration of Dependencies: A Study of the Evolution of the Federal Empire, with Special Reference to American Colonial Problems (New York, 1902); and Willis Fletcher Johnson, A Century of Expansion (New York, 1903). On U.S. military calculations in the reconquest of the Philippines, see Richard Connaughton, John Pimlott, and Duncan Anderson, The Battle for Manila (London, 1995). The literature on U.S. empire is truly voluminous. Discussion Board 5 12 1, Number of Inhabitants (Washington, DC: 1942), 12.6% of the population of the Greater United States lived in the overseas territories. One thinks of Teddy Roosevelt achieving national fame by charging up San Juan Heights in Cuba, William Howard Tafts terms as governor-general in the Philippines and then Secretary of War (with supervision over the colonies), Daniel Burnhams ambitious urban plans for Manila and Baguio, Margaret Meads fieldwork in American Samoa, and New Dealer Rexford Tugwells governorship of Puerto Rico. Adding Texas and Vermont to the pool yields an average time-to-statehood of 42 years. 12. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, . Geographical crumbs is what Neil Smith called them in his book American Empire . The United States of America, as a name, was accurate for less than seven weeks. They shot five Congressmen, nearly killing one. For a sustained engagement by a Wisconsin-School historian with formal imperialism, see Walter LaFeber, The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective , rev. It had also laid claim to nearly all of Micronesia. Stephen Hunter and John Bainbridge, Jr., American Gunfight: The Plot to Kill Harry Trumanand the Shoot-Out That Stopped It (New York, 2005), 266. 14. Purchase from Mexico following military victory; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims. Sectionalism map of the united states; for $7.2 million; statehood 1959, Annexation of independent republic; statehood 1959, Purchased from Spain 31 Over the course of the war, Japan attacked every inhabited Pacific colony that the United States held, and it occupied the Philippines, Guam, Wake, and part of Alaska. in 1999, Purchased from Denmark Its not hard to see why book jacket designers are so fond of that trope, as it actually captures a great deal of the argument. John W. Griggs in The Insular Cases, Comprising the Records, Briefs, and Arguments of Counsel in the Insular Cases of the October Term, 1900, in the Supreme Court of the United States (Washington, DC, 1901), 363. (William B.) Discovery Channel Program Exercise in Support and Credibility, Minimum 500 Word Article Review Article Is Provided In cases where the territory of a future state was not all annexed at once, I count from the time year by which the majority of its land was annexed. 203. We can see, better than we could before, how the territorial extensions of the United States matter today, and how they have mattered in the past. Following are the historical territorial acquisitions of the United States: For information on internal territorial acquisitions, see List of U.S.Native American treaties. The maps came in two kinds: box maps, which showed the North American landmass plus the colonies arranged in boxes (as Alaska and Hawaii are usually displayed today), and world maps, with all U.S. territory highlighted in color, in the manner of British imperial maps. 47. It was, in the Pacific, a war over colonies. August R. Ohmans 1904 pocket map, highlighting the expansion of the United States, feautures a world map, top inset. It culminated in nationalists firing shots at the governors mansion in San Juan and in a very-nearly-successful assassination attempt on President Harry Truman in Washington, D.C. Reporter and political insider Drew Pearson cited the attempt on Trumans life as one of the reasons that Truman didnt run for re-election. Congress officially annexed Alaska in 1884 America Acquires Alaska U. On points in the postWorld War II landscape, I have been greatly influenced by William Rankin, After the Map: Cartography, Navigation, and the Transformation of Territory in the Twentieth Century (Chicago, IL, 2016). More recent work that explores the subordinated status of western territories includes Earl S. Pomeroy, The Territories and the United States, 18611890: Studies in Colonial Administration (Philadelphia, PA, 1947); Whitney T. Perkins, Denial of Empire: The United States and Its Dependencies (Leyden, 1962); Jack Ericson Eblen, The First and Second United States Empires: Governors and Territorial Government, 17841912 (Pittsburgh, PA, 1968); Andrew R. L. Cayton, The Frontier Republic: Ideology and Politics in the Ohio Country, 17801825 (Kent, OH, 1986); Peter S. Onuf, Statehood and Union: A History of the Northwest Ordinance (Bloomington, IN, 1987); Peter J. Kastor, The Nations Crucible: The Louisiana Purchase and the Creation of America (New Haven, CT, 2004); Gary Lawson and Guy Seidman, The Constitution of Empire: Territorial Expansion and American Legal History (New Haven, CT, 2004); Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow, eds., The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion, 18031898 (Lanham, MD, 2005); and Go, Patterns of Empire . As the 1898 generation saw, a full history of the Greater United States is not just the story of overseas territories, but also of western ones. Major accounts include Federico Ribes Tovar, Albizu Campos: Puerto Rican Revolutionary , trans. 34. Revolutionary War, Purchased from France for $15 million, including It would be easy to round those points down to zero, just as it has been easy to round the western territories up to states. 2007-228. 10 It is true that many of the currentinsular possessions of the United States are extraordinarily small (Wake Island: population 150; Swains Island: population 17). Bicknell, Edward. To speak only of formal acquisitions, explained Thomas McCormick, was just an intellectual game that the previous generation of historians had played to avoid confronting the centrality of American expansion to U.S. history. 7 Once one looked beyond colonies to the informal empire, the expansive force of the United States became apparent. 3. That figure excludes secret bases and some bases smaller than ten acres. Imperialism, 19151940 (Chapel Hill, NC, 2001); Laura Briggs, Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. The aim was to protect the lives of U.S. soldiers, but the cost was borne by Filipinos, large numbers of whom were killed in the crossfire. 161. Reasoning with a racist logicthe initial cases were decided by the same court that decided Plessy v. Ferguson it concluded that the bulk of the territories were unincorporated into the political body of the United States. 1846. These were, it is important to state, not novelty maps. But we speak less of another anticolonial revolt that broke out in another part of the world. 7. The 18981899 annexations showed U.S. thinkers their country from a new perspective. * I am grateful to Alvita Akiboh, Michael Allen, Daniel Bessner, Brooke Blower, Michael Falcone, John Immerwahr, Julia Irwin, Aaron OConnell, Andrew Preston, Daniel Sargent, and the Huntington Library Long-Term Fellows Working Group for their thoughts on this essay and to Christopher Capozzola for introducing me to the term Greater United States.. 15. Spanish-America War; fully independent in 1946, Annexed following Spanish-America War; currently a Swains Island was annexed in 1925 (occupied since 1856), . Has the organization manage. - The matter of the date, December 7, 1941, emblazoned into national memory by Franklin Delano Roosevelts Day of Infamy speech, is somewhat misleading on this score. 1857. Then there is the Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos High School in the mass-produced suburb of Levittown. Rather, we encounter the United States as something new: a dynamic and heterogeneous polity, with borders shifting throughout North America, the Caribbean, the Arctic, and the Pacific. But they are not the whole of it. I have an assignment, and please dont copy any words and no plagiarism please. We typically say that the end of the war left the United States in a global position of economic and political supremacy. Treaty of Paris of 1783 following American 23. Both Hillary Clinton and Rudy Giuliani marched in that parade. 25 And the pattern continued: as older territories became states, new annexations brought new territories into the polity. For a comparable historiographical concept, see Gary Wilders notion of Greater France in The Imperial Nation-State: Negritude and Colonialism Humanism between the Two World Wars (Chicago, IL, 2005). McCormick, interview with James G. Morgan, quoted in Morgans Into New Territory: American Historians and the Concept of US Imperialism (Madison, WI, 2014), 76. A helpful account of the Wisconsin School is Morgans Into New Territory . In 1960, the non-state population including D.C. was 2.6% and it stayed between 1% and 3% thereafter. But those familiar borders only held for four years. 10511898, section 2, Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueos, Hunter College, CUNY. ch. commonwealth status as Federated States of Empire, Militarization, and Suburbanization and the Marshall Islands, 19441986 (Ph.D. This was a war, not over latitudes but points, in which particular spots on the mapthe Green Zone in Iraq, black-site prisons sprinkled throughout foreign countries, Guam, Guantnamo Bay, the all-important military base of Diego Garciatook on outsize significance. The Greater United States is not my term. silhouette was completed in 1853, with the Gadsden Purchase. 1846. Overseas empire usually appears in textbooks as an episodea single chapter, set in 1898rather than as an enduring feature. If you have any questions please let me know.! All rights reserved. United States--Foreign relations, - One might think its because U.S. historians are exceptionalists and dont pay attention to empire. Despite his extraordinary career, Albizu doesnt have much of a place in U.S. historiography. Purchase from Mexico following American-Mexican War; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims. ",#(7),01444'9=82. Id like to propose a different unit of analysis, one that counts all of the land over which the United States claims sovereignty as part of the country, and as part of its history. The New York Puerto Rican Day Parade last summer was also dedicated to Pedro Albizu Campos. For a larger overview of the Philippines during the war, the places to start are Teodoro A. Agoncillo, The Fateful Years: Japans Adventure in the Philippines (Quezon City, 1965), 2 vols., and Richard Trota Jose, ed., World War II and the Japanese Occupation (Quezon City, 2006). The territorial acquisitions of the United States, 1787-1904, an historical review, - Despite a great deal of research that has been donewithin American Studies departments, within history departmentscolonized people and overseas territories still rarely feature in broad narratives about the United States. Daniel Immerwahr, The Greater United States: Territory and Empire in U.S. History , Diplomatic History, Volume 40, Issue 3, June 2016, Pages 373391, https://doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhw009, March 1954 is a month diplomatic historians know well. Mexican Cession. Annexation of independent republic. Research at least 6 tools in each category and, Please Follow All The Requirements Carefully And Upload On Time 4 For too long, historians, like cartographers, have accepted the logic of the Insular Cases . Fish and Wildlife Service, Unincorporated territory annexed under Guano Act of The extraordinary maps they made showed the United States as it had become, not a contiguous mass but rather an empire with global reach. But it is still a significant figure. 12. of 1783 following military victory, Purchased from France William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (Cleveland, OH, 1959). Once again, the Greater United States is coming into view. Arguments for U.S. The story of western expansion is, of course, well known. Fifteen years before his famous address to the American Historical Association, the Epic of Greater America, Bolton published a series of classroom maps and an atlas with Albert Bushnell Hart. for $25 million; currently an organized, unincorporated U.S. territory under jurisdiction of Office of Insular Affairs of the Dept. Zone in Austria (2,650): John D. Hilldring, American Policy in Occupied Areas (Washington, DC: 1947), 24; U.S. The Territory of the United States, 1845-1886 A map from 1886 of the United States showing the territories ceded by Mexico and the acquisition of Alaska. 529,189. The many islands claimed by the United States but not listed in the census (all uninhabited) are not included. This can be most clearly seen in the realm of the law. 13. <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Acquisitions Incorporated was an adventuring company from the Sword Coast. The logo-map silhouette was completed in 1853, with the Gadsden Purchase. You notice that Pearl Harbor was not just an isolated attack on one patch of U.S. soil but a blitzkrieg directed at U.S. and British colonial holdings in the Pacific. If you do factor them in, you start to notice some important features of the war, features often neglected in the telling of it. 26. endobj America Acquires Alaska Secretary of State William Seward arranged for the purchase of Alaska from Russia Showed U. S. Imperialism Also made it clear to the rest of the world that the U. S. was becoming a world power. In that decade, his followers bombed numerous federal buildings (including the governors mansion) and assassinated Puerto Ricos chief of police. Value of merger and acquisition deals in the United States from 2006 to 3rd quarter 2022 (in billion U.S. dollars) Premium Statistic Number of M&A deals in the U.S. 2000-2021 Not only was the occupation itself onerous, but the reconquest of those colonies by the United States was extraordinarily violent. It also added to its colonial holdings in 1947 with the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands: technically a trusteeship administered by the United States on behalf of the United Nations, but held under a unique arrangement that allowed the UN almost no effective oversight. I jokingly describe this to my students as the Menacing Eagle School of History, after the many books in this vein whose covers depict eagles attacking the globe. Many of the most important books have been edited collections: Amy Kaplan and Donald Pease, eds., Cultures of United States Imperialism (Durham, NC, 1993); Frances Negrn-Muntaner and Ramn Grosfoguel, eds., Puerto Rico Jam: Rethinking Colonialism and Nationalism (Minneapolis, MN, 1997); Julian Go and Anne L. Foster, eds., The American Colonial State in the Philippines: Global Perspectives (Durham, NC, 2003); Catherine Lutz, ed., The Bases of Empire: The Global Struggle against U.S. Military Posts (New York, 2009); Alfred W. McCoy and Francisco A. Scarano, eds., Colonial Crucible: Empire in the Making of the Modern American State (Madison, WI, 2009); and Alyosha Goldstein, ed., Formations of United States Colonialism (Durham, NC, 2014). Please read and follow the lab r, Internet Research Of 6 Ids And 6 Vulnerability Management And Assessment Tools 1 The history of American expansion and the story of our new possessions. The writers who used these terms were, by and large, champions of empire. 1856; under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Now lets look at Entrepreneurial Leadership (Lincoln, NE, 1984), esp. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, 1787-1904, an historical review, Names Bicknell, Edward. Bouda Etemad, Possessing the World: Taking the Measurements of Colonisation from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century , trans. But that assumption is becoming increasingly hard to hold. As one of the justices summarized the logic, the Constitution was the supreme law of the land, but the territories were not part of the land. 20, The result of all thisthe erasure of the colonies from the map, the references to the Greater United States growing scarce, the Courts expulsion of the territories from the landwas the reassertion of an understanding of the United States as a nation-state. 43. Paul Kramer, in his portrait of the United States as a nation-based empire, presents a significantly modified version of the Williams thesis that is skeptical of the clean formal/informal distinction: Power and Connection: Imperial Histories of the United States in the World, American Historical Review 116, no. Not only have we learned to tell the history of these places, but weve gone back and realized the importance of other small spaces: including Vieques, Baguio, Kwajalein, and the Bikini atoll. The total area of U.S. overseas bases is reported in Department of Defense, Base Structure ReportFiscal Year 2015 Baseline: A Summary of the Real Property Inventory, Washington, DC, 2015, 84. Nationalism waxed, imperialism waned. Only in Hawaii, Midway, and Howland did the vagaries of the international date line place the attack on December 7th. There is another aspect of the Second World War that deserves mention. Oregon Territory. 1959, Annexation of independent republic; Statehood 1959, Acquired with Hawaii; under the jurisdiction of the Map of A map of the United States showing the growth of the nation from 1783 to1853. 44, The United States has shifted away from the large land annexations of the nineteenth century to an empire consisting largely of islands and overseas bases: a pointillist empire.