The 71 subjects were informed that the experiment focuses on the "Measures of Performance." The remaining subjects were asked to take the place of an experimenter, if they would want to. Group B was given introduction by an experimenter, presenting the tasks in an interesting and enjoyable tone. (The secretary had left the office.) 47 14 The defendant was not very well spoken and came from a very poor background, but Sandy listened carefully to the evidence presented and made her decision based on that. Hoffer pointed out that, after the Nazis had started persecuting the Jews, it became easier for the average German citizen to hate the Jews. Eddie has made the _________. Cognitive Dissonance. As the E and the S started to walk to the office where the interviewer was, the E said: "Thanks very much for working on those tasks for us. He did so in order to make it convincing that this was [p. 205] what thc E was interested in and that these tasks, and how the S worked on them, was the total experiment. FESTINGER, L. A theory of cognitive dissonance. Sigmund Freud believed that aggression is. Those who were paid $1 were forced to rationalize their own judgments and convinced themselves that what they were doing is enjoyable because they had no other justification. Festinger and Carlsmith argued that subjects who were paid onJy $1.00 to lie to another person experienced "cognitive dissonance." According to Festinger (1957), people experience cognitive dissonance when they simultaneously hold two thoughts that are psychologically inconsistent (i.e., thoughts that feel contradictory or incompatible in some . It shows people will do anything to fit in with the group. Thus, with self-selection of who did and who did not make the required overt statement and with varying percentages of subjects in the different conditions who did make the requsted statement, no interpretation of the data can be unequivocal. But Nicole's mom was so excited, Nicole couldn't bear to disappoint her. This is a direct result of Cognitive Dissonance. The researchers further concluded, with the help of the said results, that with $1, participants found no significant justification thus the occurrence of cognitive dissonance. When experimenters asked later for the truth, the highly paid subjects said the experiment was actually boring. _____ is the scientific study of how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others. One other point before we proceed to examine the data. The ratings were of course done in ignorance of which condition each S was in. Instead the opposite happened. 47 0 obj Their research suggested to them that if the laws changed first, forcing a change in behavior, the attitudes would follow along later. The people with whom a person identifies most strongly are called the________. When a one-hour session had been completed the students were asked to tell the next participant that the experiment was extremely interesting and enjoyable. These made them question what the real purpose of the study is. Rating scale 0 to 10. The said group served as the control group of the experiment. The______explanation of prejudice assumes that the same processes that help form other attitudes form prejudiced attitudes. What happens when students are asked to defend positions contrary to their beliefs? Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. 2. I hope you did enjoy it. Identify the following terms or individuals and explain their significance: Which of the following is an example of indirect characterization? It is possible, then, that the results on this question, shown in the third row of figures in Table 1, might reflect dissonance reduction. He was told to use one hand and to work at his own speed. Two Ss (both in the One Dollar condition) told the girl that they had been hired, that the experiment was really boring but they were supposed to say it was fun. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: If a person is induced to do or say something which is contrary to his private opinion, there will be a tendency for him to change his opinion so as to bring it into correspondence with what he has done or said. Muzafer Sherif et al (1954), Plato, Socrates and Shakespeare endorse a "Tripartite Soul" view of Human Nature. KELMAN, H. Attitude change as a function of response restriction Hum. Participants were asked, "Would you please tell the next subject in line that the experiment was fun and enjoyable?" Actually this finding by Kelman is consistent with the theory we will outline below but, for a number of reasons is not conclusive. These Ss were treated identically in all respects to the Ss in the experimental conditions, except that they were never asked to, and never did, tell the waiting girl that the experimental tasks were enjoyable and lots of fun. /L 680077 This is further explained in Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith's study in 1954. When they were asked to lie about how they truly feel about the task, they force themselves to feel what they were induced to feel and express. To achieve consonance, something has to give. This hypothetical stress brings the subject to intrinsically believe that the activity is indeed interesting and enjoyable. Hence, the alternative explanation discussed above cannot account for the findings. Shawn and Tanya start talking after they've ridden on the dorm elevator several times together. Festinger and Carlsmith hypothesized that when people lie and don't have a good reason to lie (such as being paid only one measly dollar), they will be motivated to believe the lie. New York: Harper & Row. The Control condition gives us, essentially, the reactions of Ss to the tasks and their opinions about the experiment as falsely explained to them, without the experimental introduction of dissonance. endobj They were told that the study aims to evaluate these experiments to help them improve these in the future. We felt it was important to show that the effect was not a completely general one but was specific to the content of the dissonance which was created. Chris is showing, Carol is told by a police officer to move her car, and she does so. The difference .between the One Dollar and Control conditions is not impressive at all (t = 1.21). GzXfc^+"R89DP{va3'72IKmr(6*k&LCl7pK)rMTvlTx6Gdo-mnsU 1959. (p.47). In all the comparisons, the Control condition should be regarded as a baseline from which to evaluate the results in the other two conditions. More surprisingly, if you change a person's behavior, attitudes change to match the behavior. The S worked at this task for another half hour. Imagine 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram's famous study on obedience. Or is there something more nuanced at play? (1984, August) Psychology Today, pp.40-45. A theory of cognitive dissonance. The stronger the S's positive statements about the tasks, and the more ways in which he said they were interesting and enjoyable, the higher the rating. The dissonance could, consequently, be reduced by magnifying the importance of this cognition. In the process, people look at the images portrayed by others as something obtainable and realistic, and subsequently, make comparisons among themselves, others and the idealized images. Initially, subjects will be told that they will be participating in a two-hour experiment. Imagine you are a participant in a famous experiment staged by the creative Festinger and his student J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959). Scott himself, in the tradition of old-time behaviorists, interpreted this result as "reinforcement of verbal behavior." If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. (Boulding, 1969) The other group was paid 1/20th as much, the equivalent of about $5 now. The greater the reward offered (beyond what was necessary to elicit the behavior) the smaller was the effect. << Search over 500 articles on psychology, science, and experiments. bringing diverse groups of people into contact with each other. In the other two conditions, however, the Ss told someone that these tasks were interesting and enjoyab1e. /O 49 A theory of cognitive dissonance. If you want to dislike someone, do them wrong. Franklin said if you want someone to like you, get that person to do you a favor. After completing the tasks, the participants were asked to persuade another student (who were already informed of the experiment confederates) into agreeing to participate. _______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together. ________ describes the situation in which people attend to the content of a message. On the other hand, people paid only $1 were more likely to say, when asked later, that the experiment was "not bad" or that it was "interesting.". Carol is showing, In Milgram's study, as the teachers became reluctant to continue, the experimenter, Studies have found that in civil suits, if individual members of the jury favor stiff penalties, the deliberation process will result in even higher penalties. The results, according to the researchers, display the cognitive dissonance phenomenon. correct. Which is (farther, farthest) away, the library of the park? Now Lilly says that classic rock is her favorite music, too. <>stream What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? (p.3). "Italian food is the best of the European cuisines.". x]#q/`aC+Khiflm( bc@'QV-a7:o1O7y?wo7.b7F^pZ{e>8_wonz&T=PJe~xw_}ba\ZXH%ll7qAa;;M?3)8T.Vw_G[H}FYc8svcf0w_~7],+g~aEo~}8/q'f. Lately she has noticed that she seems to play better when there are people watching her than which she is playing alone. conformed to the group answer about one-third of the time. In a crowded mall parking lot, dozens of people hear a female voice yell, "He's killing me!" We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. 0000000658 00000 n Cults use all of the following except_______to gain new members. Cognitive dissonance is when we experience conflicting thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes. Festinger, L. and Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). Kelman (1953) tried to pursue the matter further. Jane used ______ when receiving the officer's message. Festinger and Carlsmith's study now began to treat the 71 subjects in different ways such as to investigate the cognitive consequences of induced compliance to see whether there would be any evidence of Cognitive Dissonance, where the student concerned was psychologically di-stressed between his actual views and the role he found himself taking The result that the Twenty Dollar condition is actually lower than the Control condition is undoubtedly a matter of chance (t = 0.58). He found, rather, that a large reward produced less subsequent opinion change than did a smaller reward. endobj While watching the TV game show Jeopardy, your roommate says, "The game show host, Alex Trebek, knows all the answers. endstream A little more than 60 years ago, Leon Festinger published A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957). Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. hb```s cB@q^2cTaX-mhp\fQgfL7uM^FD0a!&MMtm#4 3;:$:AGCk!;R )b0Hq$q4sX za4],JJAb$de\"p .j,D VZS Prejudice and discrimination are least likely to develop in which of the following situations? There are, after all, other ways in which the experimentally created dissonance could be reduced. Cognitive dissonance theory implies that if you demand respect, you will get it. According to the text, which of the following has not been studied as a cause of aggressive behavior? These Ss were hired for twenty dollars to do the same thing. Half the students were offered a $1 incentive for telling the next student about the experiment, and half were paid $20. This point will be discussed further in connection with the results. Take it with you wherever you go. So they did not have to change their true attitudes. The fact that a social role can lead to an increase in aggressive behavior points to _____as a major contributor to aggression. You must have JavaScript enabled to use this form. 80 0 obj <> endobj Research has found that the view that opposites attract, According to Sternberg, love consists of intimacy, passion, and, Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love says that companionate love consists of, Karen intentionally tries to hurt Lisa by spreading rumors about her. _______ occurs when people begin to think that it is more important to maintain a group's cohesiveness than to objectively consider the facts. "Look, Officer, I didn't see the stop sign back there because the sun was in my eyes" The police officer responds, "You were not paying attention." Then, identify the underlined modifier by writing P for positive degree, C for comparative degree, or S for superlative degree. Results of the experiment showed that even though the tasks were indeed boring and uninteresting, the unpaid control group rated the activity a negative 0.45 (-0.45). You can use it freely (with some kind of link), and we're also okay with people reprinting in publications like books, blogs, newsletters, course-material, papers, wikipedia and presentations (with clear attribution). Scott, W. A. Goleman, D. (1991, July 16) New way to battle bias: fight acts, not feelings. Their attitudes changed to fit their behavior, reducing the uncomfortable feeling of dissonance. Which method of attitude formations is involved in this example? Festinger and Carlsmith experiment A study conducted in which people were offered money to express attitudes that they did not hold; people who were offered big sums justified their behavior by the money but people who were offered smaller sums changed their attitudes to make them more consistent with their behavior The content of what the S said before the girl made the remark that her friend told her it was boring. There remain, for analysis, 20 Ss in each of the thee conditions. //document.getElementById('maincontent').style.display = 'none'; One group was being paid that amount to lie to the next subject about the boring experiment. The average ratings on this question, presented in the first row of figures in Table 1, are the results most important to the experiment. How Much They Learned From the Experiment. Furthermore, since the pressure to reduce dissonance will be a function of the magnitude of the dissonance, the observed opinion change should be greatest when the pressure used to elicit the overt behavior is just sufficient to do it. If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. /H [ 658 210 ] It is clear from examining the table that, in all cases, the Twenty Dollar condition is slightly higher The differences are small, however, and only on the rating of "amount of time" does the difference between the two conditions even approach significance. One would then expect no differences at all among the three conditions. Two studies reported by Janis and King (1954; 1956) clearly showed that, at least under some conditions, the private opinion changes so as to bring it into closer correspondence with the overt behavior the person was forced to perform. In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task . The true purpose of the experiment was then explained to the S in detail, and the reasons for each of the various steps in the experiment were explained carefully in relation to the true purpose. But nevertheless, the possibility exists that the Ss n the One Dollar condition may have improvised more. hXr8=fj*!US%mfy l8oIbR0Bn t7!g] %>))BI0` 98sUx GHM. What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. ] <> Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. Our identity is in part created by identifying ourselves with the organization or the community for which the sacrifices have been made. Cognitive dissonance theory is the theory that we act to reduce discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent (Myers 2007). The third asks whether that subject finds the activity important, again using the scale of 0 to 10. This is the, People are less likely to be susceptible to the foot-in-the-door technique, how far people would go in obeying the command of an authority figure, Social loafing can be explained by the fact that, it is easier for a lazy person to hide laziness when working in a group of people. 59 0 obj Similarly, the knowledge that he has said "not X" is consonant with (does fit together with) those cognitive elements corresponding to the reasons, pressures, promises of rewards and/or threats of punishment which induced him to say "not X. In Festinger and Carlsmith's experiment, 11 of the 71 responses were considered invalid for a couple of reasons. This is an example of_______ cause. Yet no one calls the police. 109 0 obj <>stream An internet resource developed by Twenty Dollar condition. (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. The interviewer, of course, was always kept in complete ignorance of which condition the S was in. The behavioral component of prejudice is______. This is. They did not have to change their attitudes to lie because the money served as ample justification (Cognitive Dissonance). Typically the behavior is in the past, by the time the person feels dissonance, so the behavior cannot be changed. The students will be interviewed after participating in the experiment and were encouraged to be completely honest in these interviews. The reason for doing it, theoretically, was to make it easier for anyone who wanted to persuade himself that the tasks had been, indeed, enjoyable. & JANIS, I.L. Christopher D. Green The participants were asked to carry out series of monotonous tasks that were meant to be boring and nonsensical. They were paid a lot of money to lie, and that explained why they lied. Please sign in to share these flashcards. In Sternberg's model, intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present in, The area of the brain that controls aggressive responses is the, Zimbardo's prison experiment lasted only five days because, of the extreme effect it was having on the participants, Ryan sees a woman collapse in the mall. repeatedly turning pegs in a peg board for an hour. Marco is using an example of. The people who were paid $1 rated the task as more enjoyable because they had no ample justification for lying, so they convinced themselves that the task was fun and rated it as fun. Why this might have been the case is, of course, not immediately apparent. test scores of each group decreased when it was the out-group. Half of them were offered $1 to do the job, while the remaining half was offered $20. All of the following are causes for groupthink EXCEPT. (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. _________ has been linked to higher levels of aggression. In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). c5; Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) Term 1 / 8 aim Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 8 show that a person's private opinion will change to reduce dissonance when it conflicts with what they are forced to do Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by UorFawzi Terms in this set (8) aim Researchers have found that a________ degree of fear in a message makes it more effective particularly when it it combined with __________. {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":false,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Psychology Chapter 12","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/psychology-chapter-12-1964384","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. Goleman, D. (1991, July 16) New way to battle bias: fight acts, not feelings. The questions are as follows: As may be seen, the questions varied in how directly relevant they were to what the S had told the girl. 0000000868 00000 n Psy 301: Social Psychology You should not put up with abuse, because people who treat you poorly will adopt negative beliefs about you, in order to be consistent with their behavior toward you. The subjects were then again interviewed afterwards and were asked to rate four different areas of the experiment. Subjects who received $20 had no problem explaining their behavior to themselves. You must turn off your ad blocker to use Psych Web; however, we are taking pains to keep advertising minimal and unobtrusive (one ad at the top of each page) so interference to your reading should be minimal. Specifically, as applied to our results, this a1ternative explanation would maintain that perhaps, for some reason, the Ss in the One Dollar condition worked harder at telling the waiting girl that the tasks were fun and enjoyable. Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)? The first area is whether the tasks were interesting and enjoyable at all. The girl, after this listened quietly, accepting and agreeing to everything the S told her. You don't need our permission to copy the article; just include a link/reference back to this page. The results strongly corroborate the theory that was tested. 0000010779 00000 n Two derivations from this theory are tested here. You have created 2 folders. Our identity is in part created by identifying ourselves with the organization or the community for which the sacrifices have been made. This subtle dynamic makes cognitive dissonance a powerful tool for changing attitudes. A person demanding for _______ has power or authority to command a behavioral change, rather than just ask for a change. In the third element of social identity theory, people use _______ to improve their self-esteem. The present experiment was listed as a two-hour experiment dealing with "Measures of Performance.". "Cognitive consequences of forced compliance". :>"we>WN,}Arj*L^{l"C9](j0xfyK.1^8 jKbE#/`^%]Ply48o~9cw+ecw/j;k`t)# -3ffua0D@~1` cp \nO7uF& o>u$]oK' 2WBxK>rVyRZ 7%M6xdKmUD}],'WpaB2t$t@^K,JLiM 6H] WA@'n. }. Which of the following statements is TRUE? Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $2. 3. How do we explain this? According to Festinger and Carlsmith, the participants experienced dissonance between the conflicting cognitions of telling someone that a particular task is interesting when the truth is, they found it rather uninteresting and boring. Comparison of the effectiveness of improvised versus non-improvised role-playing in producing opinion change. When they arrived at the interviewer's office, the E asked the interviewer whether or not he wanted to talk to the S. The interviewer said yes, the E shook hands with the S, said good-bye, and left. Rating scale 0 to 10. Let us consider a person who privately holds opinion "X" but has, as a result of pressure brought to bear on him publicly stated that he believes "not X.". And, indeed, in the Control condition the average rating was -.45, somewhat on the negative side of the neutral point. Write to Dr. Dewey at psywww@gmail.com. He introduced the girl and the S to one another saying that the S had just finished the experiment and would tell her something about it. Solomon Asch, a social psychologist conducted a series of experiments called Asch conformity to study how the behavior of a certain group influence the behav Normative conformity is most commonly referred to as peer pressure, and is prevalent in our present society. This is an example of which rule of attraction? anything important? If the results of our experiment are to be taken as strong corroboration of the theory of cognitive dissonance, this possible alternative explanation must be dealt with. This short persuasive communication was made in all conditions in exactly the same way.